Marcellinus of Carthage was a Christian martyr and saint who died in 413. He was secretary of state of the Western Roman Empire under Roman emperor Honorius and a close friend of Augustine of Hippo, as well as a correspondent of Saint Jerome's.
Marcellinus was described as "a cultured, generous aristocrat, interested in theology". He was married to Anapsychia, a notable late Roman woman.
In Africa, the dispute between the Donatists and the Orthodox was not only doctrinal but also involved regional and social tensions. The orthodox bishops hoped the Donatists would be more susceptible to reasoned debate and petitioned the emperor to call a conference.
Donatism was a heresy leading to schism in the Church of Carthage from the fourth to the sixth centuries AD. Donatists argued that Christian clergy must be faultless for their ministry to be effective and their prayers and sacraments to be valid. More on Donatism
Carle or Charles-André van Loo,
Council of Carthage
Carle or Charles-André van Loo, (15 February
1705 – 15 July 1765) was a French
subject painter. He was the most famous member of a successful dynasty of
painters of Dutch origin. His oeuvre includes every category: religion, history
painting, mythology, portraiture, allegory, and genre scenes. Charles-André was
born in Nice, then part of the Duchy of Savoy. Van Loo followed his brother
Jean-Baptiste to Turin, and then to Rome in 1712, where he studied under
Benedetto Luti and the sculptor Pierre Legros. After leaving Italy in 1723, he
worked in Paris, studied at the Académie Royale, where he gained first prize
for drawing in 1723, and received the first prize for historical painting in
1727. After again visiting Turin in 1727, he was employed by king Victor
Amadeus II of Sardinia, for whom he painted a series of subjects illustrative
of Tasso. In 1734 he settled in Paris, and in 1735 became a member of the
Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture and rose rapidly in the hierarchy
of the academy. Madame de Pompadour and the French court were taking the artist
under their patronage. He was decorated with the Order of Saint Michael and
named First Painter to king Louis XV of France in 1762. He was a most
successful court painter but his portraits as well as history paintings also
enjoyed an enormous success throughout all Europe. He died in Paris on 15 July
1765. More on Carle or Charles-André
Marcellinus was sent to Africa in 411 charged with presiding over the Council of Carthage. In his summons to the parties Marcellinus, as the emperor's representative, ruled that the Donatists were heretics and that they had to give up their churches and return to churches under the control of orthodox bishops and priests.
The judgment was enforced by the Roman army with great severity.
In 413, the Donatists accused Marcellinus and his brother, Apringius, of being involved in the rebellion of Heraclianus; a provincial governor and a usurper of the Roman Empire (412-413) opposed to Emperor Honorius. General Marinus, who had put down the rebellion and who had Donatist sympathies, arrested the brothers and put them in prison. The two brothers were executed. The following year, Marcellinus was exonerated by Emperor Honorius. More on Marcellinus
Jean-Paul Laurens, (1838–1921)
The Emperor Honorius, c. 1880
Oil on canvas
Height: 154 cm (60.6 in); Width: 108 cm (42.5 in)
Chrysler Museum of Art
Laurens work was often on historical and religious themes, through which he sought to convey a message of opposition to monarchical and clerical oppression. His erudition and technical mastery were much admired in his time, but in later years his highly realistic technique, coupled to a theatrical mise-en-scène, came to be regarded by some art-historians as overly didactic.
Laurens was highly respected teacher at the Académie Julian, Paris, and a professor at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He died in Paris, aged 82. More on Jean-Paul Laurens
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