Unknown artist
Egyptian virgin martyr, Corona, companion of Victor
Fresco at their abbey in Feltrino
Little is known about the two Christian martyrs, St. Victor and St. Corona. Most sources believe they were killed near each other in Roman Syria during the reign of Marcus Aurelius in 170 A.D. and that a Roman judge named Sebastian ordered for their deaths.
Artist unknown
Rome, bust of Marcus Aurelius, 170-180 AD
Art Institute of Chicago
Victor was believed to be a Roman soldier. After his Christianity was discovered, other soldiers brought Victor to face judgement before Sebastian. Sebastian was known for being a tough man who despised Christians.
Bartolomeo Bulgarini
The Blinding of Saint Victor
Städel - Frankfurt am Main - Germany
Bartolomeo Bulgarini (between 1300 & 1310 – 1378), also known as Bulgarino or Bologhini, was an Italian painter of the Trecento period in Siena both before and after the Black Death.
Born into a noble family with several members being elected into Siena’s central governing body, several times. He is firmly in the Sienese school of painting using a byzantine-esque figuration and traditional gold leaf aesthetic of Sienese painting.
The earliest mention of Bulgarini is in 1338 for a payment made for a Biccherna book cover. In 1341 and 1342 he was commissioned for two more covers for consecutive seasons. His career, starting roughly in the 1330s, lasted into the 1370s. His last documented work supposedly signed and dated 1373, which is now lost, was a panel painting for the hospital of Santa Maria Della Scala in Siena. Though he was active up until his death in 1378.
Works attributed to Bulgarini are found at the Isabella Stewart Gardner Art Museum in Boston; the Städel Art Museum in Frankfurt and the Wallraf Richartz Art Museum in Cologne. More on Bartolomeo Bulgarini
Sebastian, wanting to make an example out of Victor, ordered to be bound to a pillar and whipped until his skin fell from his body. After the whipping, Sebastian ordered Victor's eyes to be gouged out.
No matter the amount of pain Victor endured, he never denied the Lord.
Anonymous, French artist
Illuminated miniature of the martyrdom of Saint Victor and Saint Corona, on a full leaf from a Book of Hours, France (Paris), ca. 1480
News about Victor's cruel treatment reached a young girl named Corona. Corona is believed to have been the wife of one of the soldiers, and a Christian herself, though she kept her faith a secret.
Unknown artist
Holy Martyrs Victor and Stephanie of Damascus
Hearing about Victor, Corona decided she needed to do something to help the dying man. She publicly announced her own Christianity and rushed to Victor's side. She knelt next to him and prayed, letting him know he was not alone.
Not much time passed before Corona was brought before Sebastian, too, to face her own punishment.
Sebastian could not believe Corona's actions. He immediately ordered her to be imprisoned and tortured. Corona was tied to the tops of two palm trees bent down to the ground.
Vittorio and Saint Corona
At Sebastian's command, the ropes holding the trees down were cut and the trees sprang away from each other and back to their upright position. The force was so strong that Corona's body was ripped in half.
As a final command, Sebastian ordered Victor to be beheaded.
The stories surrounding St. Victor and Corona vary with some even considering the two martyrs were actually husband and wife killed alongside each other for their faith. More on St. Victor and St. Corona
Master of the Palazzo Venezia Madonna (active c. 1340-60)
St. Corona, before 1351. & St. Vittorio of Siena, c. 1350
National Gallery of Denmark
The Master of the Palazzo Venezia Madonna depicted her wearing the small crown while elegantly supporting the large crown with the fingertips of her left hand. Like St. Vittorio, she carries a pair of palm branches – the trophy of martyrdom – in her right hand. St. Vittorio also holds an olive branch, the symbol of Siena’s victory over Montepulciano and Orvieto in 1229 on what was later called St. Vittorio’s Day. More on these works
Master of the Palazzo Venezia Madonna, (active around 1350 in Siena), was an Italian painter, who takes his name from the Virgin and Child once in the Palazzo Venezia in Rome and now in the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica in the Palazzo Barberini. He was a close follower of Simone Martini and Lippo Memmi, in whose workshop he may have trained. His style was particularly close to Memmi's. He was a collaborator of Bartolomeo Bulgarini.
Attributable to this master are the side panels showing St Vittore of Siena and St Corona (Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen) once flanked the Nativity in Siena Cathedral; these panels were part of an altarpiece by Bulgarini, painted for the cathedral around 1351. Paintings securely attributable to the Master of the Palazzo Venezia Madonna include the Mystic Marriage of St Catherine for Santa Maria della Scala (Pinacoteca Nazionale, Siena) and the Virgin and Child with Sts Michael and Gabriel (Berenson Collection, Villa I Tatti, Settignano). More on
Bartolo di Fredi may have been his pupil. Master of the Palazzo Venezia Madonna
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