Francesco Furini, Italian, 1603-1646, active in Florence and Rome
Saint Christina, c. 1640
Oil on canvas
The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota, Florida
Francesco Furini (c. 1600 (or 1603) – August 19,
1646) was an Italian Baroque painter of Florence, noted for his
sensual sfumato style in paintings of both secular and religious subjects. He
was born in Florence to an artistic family. Furini's early training was by
Matteo Rosselli. Traveling to Rome in 1619, he also would have been exposed to
the influence of Caravaggio and his followers.
Furini's
work reflects the tension faced by the conservative, mannerist style of
Florence when confronting then novel Baroque styles. He is a painter of
biblical and mythological set-pieces with a strong use of the misty sfumato
technique. In the 1630s his style paralleled that of Guido Reni.
Furini
became a priest in 1633 for the parish of Sant'Ansano in Mugello.
Freedberg
describes Furini's style as filled with "morbid sensuality". His
frequent use of disrobed females is discordant with his excessive religious
sentimentality, and his polished stylization and poses are at odds with his aim
of expressing highly emotional states. His stylistic choices did not go
unnoticed by more puritanical contemporary biographers like Baldinucci. Pignoni
also mirrored this style in his works.
Furini traveled to Rome again in the year before his death
in 1646. More
on Francesco Furini
In her solitude, Christina began to wonder who had created this beautiful world. From her room she was delighted by the stars of the heavens and she constantly came back to the thought about the Creator of all the world. She was convinced, that the voiceless and inanimate idols in her room could not create anything, since they themselves were created by human hands. She began to pray to the One God with tears, entreating Him to reveal Himself. Her soul blazed with love for the Unknown God, and she intensified her prayer all the more, and combined it with fasting.
Follower of Massimo Stanzione, (1586–1656)
Saint Christina giving her father's idols of gold to the poor, first half of 17th century
Oil on canvas
Height: 230 cm (90.5 in); Width: 340 cm (11.1 ft)
National Museum in Warsaw
Massimo Stanzione (1585 – 1656) was an
Italian Baroque painter, mainly active in Naples, where he and his rival Jusepe
de Ribera dominated the painting scene for several decades. Most of his work,
in both oils and fresco (these usually for ceilings), depicted religious
subjects. A papal knight, he is often referred to as Cavalliere Massimo
Stanzione.
Born in
Frattamaggiore, Naples, Massimo Stanzione was influenced by
Caravaggio. Art historians believe that Stanzione developed his career as
an artist in Rome. It is thought that he began his career as a
portraitist. In 1621, pope Gregory XV awarded him the title of Knight of
the Golden Spur and in 1627, he received the title of Knight of Saint George,
and Urban VIII invested him with the Order of Christ.
It is believed that Massimo Stanzione died during the
plague of 1656. More on Massimo
Stanzione
One time Christina was visited by an angel, who instructed her in the true faith in Christ, the Savior of the world. The angel called her a bride of Christ and told her about her future suffering. The holy virgin smashed all the idols standing in her room and threw them out the window. In visiting his daughter Christina’s father, Urban, asked her where all the idols had disappeared. Christina was silent. Then, having summoned the servants, Urban learned the truth from them.
Sante Peranda, (1566–1638)
Martyrdom of St Christina, c. 1602
Oil on canvas
Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Castello, Italy
Sante Peranda (1566–1638) was an Italian
painter of the late-Renaissance period.
He was a pupil of Leonardo Corona and later Palma il
Giovane. Also known as Santo Peranda. He painted a Descent from the cross for
San Procolo in Venice. He painted The defeat of the Saracens for the Ducal
Palace of Modena. He painted the Gathering of the Manna for the church of the
San Bartolome. In 1623 he finished Glorious Mysteries for the church of San
Nicolò in Treviso. Among his pupils were Francesco Maffei, Matteo Ponzone, and
Filippo Zaniberti. More on Sante Peranda
The torturers tied her to an iron wheel, beneath which they lit a fire. The body of the martyr, turning round on the wheel, was scorched on all sides. They then threw her into prison.
Vicente Palmaroli, (1834–1896)
The martyrdom of Santa Cristina, c. 1895
Oil on canvas
Height: 181.5 cm (71.4 in); Width: 301 cm (118.5 in)
Prado Museum
Vicente Palmaroli González (5 September 1834 – 25
January 1896) was a Spanish portrait and genre painter. He was born
in Zarzalejo, the son of an Italian painter and lithographer, who was his first
teacher. After his father's death in 1853, he took over his official position
at the royal art collections. He requested leave in 1857 to go to Rome and
complete his education. He participated in the National Exhibition in 1862 with
two works he created in Italy, winning a First-Class Medal. The following year,
he returned to Italy and remained until 1866.
After his
return to the Court, he won a Gold Medal at the National Exhibition of 1867.
That same year, he accompanied the Spanish delegation to the Exposition
Universelle in Paris. Over the next few years, he would become a renowned
portrait painter. In 1873, he settled in Paris and specialized in creating
"tableautins"; small format paintings on amusing or pleasant themes
designed to be hung in the home. In 1883, he moved to Rome to become Director
of the Academia Española de Bellas Artes de Roma .
He
returned to Madrid in 1894 when he was appointed Director of the Museo del
Prado, a position he would hold until his death.
He suffered a stroke while attending a theatrical
performance, became an invalid, and died several months later in Madrid, aged
61. More
on Vicente Palmaroli González
An angel of God appeared at night, healing her wounds and strengthening her with food. Her father, seeing her unharmed, gave orders to drown her in the sea. An angel sustained the saint while the stone sank down, and Christina miraculously came out of the water and reappeared before her father. In terror, the torturer imputed this to sorcery and he decided to execute her in the morning. That night he himself suddenly died. Another torturer, Dion, was sent in his place. He summoned the holy martyr and also tried to persuade her to renounce Christ, but seeing her unyielding firmness, he again subjected her to cruel tortures. The holy martyr was for a long while in prison. People began to flock to her, and she converted them to the true faith in Christ. Thus about 300 were converted.
Andrea Vaccaro, (Italian, 1604–1670)
Martirio de Santa Cristina
Oil on Canvas
169.5 x 137.5 cm. (66.7 x 54.1 in.)
Private collection
Vicente Palmaroli González (5 September 1834 – 25
January 1896) was a Spanish portrait and genre painter. He was born
in Zarzalejo, the son of an Italian painter and lithographer, who was his first
teacher. After his father's death in 1853, he took over his official position
at the royal art collections. He requested leave in 1857 to go to Rome and
complete his education. He participated in the National Exhibition in 1862 with
two works he created in Italy, winning a First-Class Medal. The following year,
he returned to Italy and remained until 1866.
After his
return to the Court, he won a Gold Medal at the National Exhibition of 1867.
That same year, he accompanied the Spanish delegation to the Exposition
Universelle in Paris. Over the next few years, he would become a renowned
portrait painter. In 1873, he settled in Paris and specialized in creating
"tableautins"; small format paintings on amusing or pleasant themes
designed to be hung in the home. In 1883, he moved to Rome to become Director
of the Academia Española de Bellas Artes de Roma .
He
returned to Madrid in 1894 when he was appointed Director of the Museo del
Prado, a position he would hold until his death.
He suffered a stroke while attending a theatrical
performance, became an invalid, and died several months later in Madrid, aged
61. More
on Vicente Palmaroli González
In place of Dion, a new governor Julian arrived and resumed the torture of the saint. After various torments, Julian gave orders to throw her into a red-hot furnace and lock her in it. After five days they opened the furnace and found the martyr alive and unharmed. Seeing this miracle take place, many believed in Christ the Savior, and the torturers executed Saint Christina with a sword. More on The Martyr Christina
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